Content note: This article discusses eating disorders, trauma, abuse, and suicidal thoughts in general terms. Take breaks whenever you need to.
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Maybe it started during your child’s evaluation, when you realized you were quietly answering the questionnaire about yourself. Maybe it was a burnout that rest didn’t touch, or a description of autism online that fit your inner life better than any explanation you’d been given. However it arrived, the question tends to land the same way: could I be autistic, and how did everyone miss it, including me?
Late-diagnosed autism in women is common, and it is rarely a story of nobody looking. Many women spend years in care for anxiety, depression, an eating disorder, or exhaustion while the pattern underneath goes unnamed. Autism research and diagnostic tools were built largely around boys, and many autistic girls learn early to hide the traits that might have been noticed.
This guide comes from Juniper Blu Collective, a telehealth psychotherapy practice based in Chevy Chase, Maryland, that offers neurodivergence-affirming support for autistic adults online across Maryland, Washington, D.C., Pennsylvania, and Virginia. It covers why autism gets missed in women, the signs, what it is often mistaken for, and how to get support with or without a formal diagnosis.
This article is for general education and isn’t a substitute for personalized care. It can’t tell you whether you are autistic, and reading it doesn’t start a therapy relationship.
Key takeaways
- Autism can be diagnosed at any age. The DSM-5-TR recognizes that autistic traits may be masked by learned strategies, or may not fully show until life's demands outgrow a person's capacity.
- Women are often identified late. A 2026 BMJ study of 2.7 million people born in Sweden found girls caught up to boys in diagnosis during adolescence, approaching a 1:1 ratio by about age 20.
- In a large Dutch study, about one in three autistic women reported an earlier psychiatric diagnosis they now see as a misdiagnosis, most often a personality, anxiety, or mood diagnosis.
- Autism overlaps with eating disorders and trauma in ways that can change what helpful care looks like.
- You don't need a formal diagnosis to start neurodivergence-affirming therapy. Juniper Blu Collective doesn't provide autism evaluations, but supports people at every stage of figuring it out.
Table of Contents
What is late-diagnosed autism in women?
Late-diagnosed autism in women describes autistic women who are identified in adolescence or adulthood rather than in early childhood, often after years of being seen as anxious, sensitive, shy, or “a lot.” Autism itself doesn’t begin in adulthood. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) describes autism as a neurological and developmental condition that can be diagnosed at any age, even though signs generally appear in the first two years of life.
The DSM-5-TR, the diagnostic manual published by the American Psychiatric Association, makes room for this directly. Its criteria say autistic traits must be present early in development, but may not become fully visible until social demands exceed a person’s capacities, or may be masked by learned strategies later in life. In other words, the manual itself anticipates the woman who coped well enough, for long enough, that no one looked closer.
A note on language
Many autistic adults prefer identity-first language (“autistic woman”) over person-first language (“woman with autism”). In a U.S. survey of autism stakeholders, most autistic adults preferred identity-first terms, though a sizable minority preferred person-first terms (Taboas et al., 2023). This guide uses both, and in therapy we follow your lead. You’ll also see “late-identified,” which describes people who recognize they are autistic with or without a formal diagnosis.
Why is autism in women so often missed?
Autism in women is often missed because the criteria, tools, and expectations used to recognize it were shaped mostly by research on boys, and because many autistic girls learn to blend in. Several lines of evidence point the same way.
The numbers have always skewed male, and the gap narrows with age. In the U.S., the CDC’s most recent surveillance report found autism 3.4 times as prevalent among 8-year-old boys as among girls (CDC, 2025). A 2017 meta-analysis concluded the true ratio is closer to 3:1 and found evidence of a diagnostic gender bias, meaning girls who meet criteria are at disproportionate risk of not receiving a diagnosis (Loomes et al., 2017). Then, in February 2026, a BMJ study following 2.7 million people born in Sweden found boys were diagnosed more often in childhood, but girls caught up during adolescence, with the ratio approaching 1:1 by about age 20 (Fyfe et al., 2026). The data come from one country and may not hold everywhere, but they add weight to the idea that many women are identified late, not that they are less likely to be autistic.
Masking hides traits, at a cost. In a study of 92 autistic adults, researchers described camouflaging as a combination of masking and compensation strategies, such as scripting conversations or copying others, used to fit in and connect. Participants linked it to exhaustion and to threats to their sense of self (Hull et al., 2017). Masking isn’t unique to women, but late-diagnosed women describe it vividly: in one study, women diagnosed in late adolescence or adulthood gave detailed accounts of “pretending to be normal” (Bargiela et al., 2016).
Masking isn’t the whole story. Research on how much masking explains late diagnosis is mixed. One study found that higher camouflaging was more strongly linked to a later age at diagnosis in women than in men (Milner et al., 2023). A 2025 study in Autism in Adulthood found camouflaging was more common in women but didn’t directly explain their diagnostic delay, and pointed instead to gender stereotypes and assessment tools that don’t fit more typically feminine presentations.
Interests and distress can look ordinary from the outside. Research on special interests in autistic youth found that girls’ interests differ from boys’ more in content than in intensity, with girls more likely to focus on topics with a social component, such as animals or people (Autism Research, 2023 and 2024). A deep interest in horses, novels, or psychology rarely raises a flag. NIMH also notes that in adults, some autism signs overlap with anxiety and ADHD, which can steer an evaluation elsewhere.
The short version: the stereotype describes what autism looks like from the outside, and many autistic women live most of it on the inside.
| Area | The stereotype | How it can look in women |
|---|---|---|
| Social connection | Seems uninterested in other people | Often wants connection, but studies and scripts social rules, then needs time alone to recover |
| Interests | Unusual topics, like train schedules or maps | Common topics (animals, novels, psychology, people) pursued with unusual depth and focus |
| Visibility of traits | Easy for others to notice | Covered by masking, with the effort largely invisible to others |
| Emotions | Seems to have few feelings | Feelings run strong but can be hard to identify or name |
| Distress | Visible meltdowns in public | Distress held in all day, then shutdown, withdrawal, or burnout at home |
| Sensory needs | Covering ears in a crowd | Quietly avoiding loud restaurants, certain fabrics, or food textures, often labeled picky or sensitive |
The Four M’s: how late recognition often unfolds
Late recognition of autism in women often follows a recognizable pattern we call the Four M’s of Late Recognition: the Mask, the Mislabel, the Moment, and the Meaning. It’s a way of making sense of a story, not a diagnostic tool, and not everyone’s path follows it.
The Mask
The Mask is the set of learned strategies that cover autistic traits: rehearsed small talk, mirrored facial expressions, forced eye contact, careful private rules about when to speak and when to laugh. The DSM-5-TR explicitly recognizes that traits can be masked by learned strategies, and research links camouflaging to exhaustion and a shaky sense of self (Hull et al., 2017).
The Mislabel
The Mislabel is an earlier diagnosis that captures part of the picture. In a study of 1,211 autistic adults in the Netherlands, one in three autistic women reported at least one prior psychiatric diagnosis they perceived as a misdiagnosis, and women were more likely than men to report this for personality, anxiety, and mood diagnoses (Kentrou et al., 2024). In a separate clinical sample in Italy, women were less likely than men to be correctly diagnosed at their first evaluation (Gesi et al., 2021).
The Moment
The Moment is the point where life’s demands outgrow the mask. The DSM-5-TR notes that traits may not fully show until social demands exceed a person’s capacities. For many women, that point arrives as a period of autistic burnout, a child’s autism evaluation, perimenopause, a new job, a move, or new parenthood.
A child’s evaluation is a common doorway because autism runs strongly in families; a large Swedish analysis estimated its heritability at about 83% (Sandin et al., 2017). Midlife can be another. In qualitative research, autistic women described menopause as intensifying existing cognitive, social, emotional, and sensory difficulties and creating new ones, and for some, it was what led to their diagnosis (Moseley et al., 2020).
A composite example (not a real person): A woman in her early forties brings her eight-year-old to an autism evaluation. As the clinician asks about sensory sensitivities, friendships, and meltdowns at home, she recognizes her own childhood in nearly every question. She has been treated for anxiety twice and for an eating disorder in college. Those diagnoses described real distress. They just never connected the dots.
If you’re a parent recognizing yourself through your child, our guide to the strengths neurodivergent parents bring to their families is a good companion read.
The Meaning
The Meaning is the work of re-reading your own history with new information. Women diagnosed with autism after age 40 described re-living life through a new lens, including grief, and several described diagnosis as helping them move from self-criticism toward self-compassion, even though adjusting was painful at such a late stage (Leedham et al., 2020). Therapy can make room for both the relief and the grief.
"The pattern I see most often isn't a woman who never asked for help. It's a woman who asked many times, and each time was treated for the part of the picture that was easiest to see. Recognizing autism doesn't erase that history. It finally connects it."
Jamie L. Jones, LCPC, LPC, LCPAT, ATR-BC, C-DBT, TBHP, Founder of Juniper Blu Collective
What are common signs of autism in women?
Common signs of autism in women include social interaction that takes deliberate effort and recovery time, intense interests that may look ordinary, strong sensory sensitivities, a deep need for predictability, difficulty identifying emotions, and a lifelong sense of being different. These are patterns, not a checklist, and many also overlap with other conditions.
- Socializing is work, not instinct. You may study conversations, script phone calls, or replay interactions afterward, and then need quiet time to recover (Hull et al., 2017).
- Sensory input that feels like too much. Loud restaurants, scratchy fabrics, bright lights, or certain food textures may feel genuinely painful, not just unpleasant. The DSM-5-TR includes unusual responses to sensory input among autism’s core features.
- Interests with unusual depth. The topic may be common; the intensity, focus, and comfort it brings are what stand out (Autism Research, 2023).
- Comfort in routine, distress at sudden change. An unexpected change of plans can feel destabilizing out of proportion to the change itself. The DSM-5-TR describes insistence on sameness and inflexible routines as part of autism.
- Feelings that run strong but are hard to name. Alexithymia, difficulty identifying and describing your own emotions, is common but not universal in autism. A meta-analysis found it in nearly half of autistic participants, compared with fewer than 5% of non-autistic participants (Kinnaird et al., 2019).
- Holding it together, then falling apart at home. Many autistic women hold distress in all day and need to withdraw afterward to reset (Hull et al., 2017).
- Cycles of burnout. Periods of deep exhaustion, lost skills, and lower tolerance for noise or people, often after long stretches of high demand (Raymaker et al., 2020).
- A long-standing sense of being different. Late-diagnosed women in qualitative studies often describe feeling out of step with peers since childhood while working hard to appear typical (Bargiela et al., 2016; Leedham et al., 2020).
What is autism in women often mistaken for?
Autism in women is often first diagnosed as anxiety, depression, a personality disorder such as borderline personality disorder, an eating disorder, or ADHD. Some of these diagnoses are accurate and co-occur with autism; others may describe autistic traits through a different lens.
A prior diagnosis isn’t necessarily wrong. The question is whether it explains the whole picture.
| Earlier diagnosis | Where it can overlap with autistic traits | Worth knowing |
|---|---|---|
| Anxiety, including social anxiety | Avoiding social situations, rehearsing conversations, dread before events | NIMH notes that in adults, some autism signs overlap with anxiety. Both can be present at once. |
| Depression | Exhaustion, withdrawal, losing interest in activities | Autistic burnout appears distinct from depression; loss of skills and lower tolerance for sensory input stand out (Raymaker et al., 2020). |
| Borderline personality disorder or another personality diagnosis | Intense emotions, relationship strain, an unsteady sense of self after years of masking | Personality disorders were the most frequently reported perceived misdiagnosis among autistic adults, and women reported them more often than men (Kentrou et al., 2024). |
| An eating disorder, such as anorexia or ARFID | Restrictive eating, rigid food routines, strong food preferences | In autistic women, restriction is sometimes driven by sensory, routine, or emotional factors rather than body image alone (Brede et al., 2020). It needs care either way. |
| ADHD | Trouble with focus, organization, and sensory overwhelm | NIMH notes overlap with ADHD in adults. Since the DSM-5, autism and ADHD can be diagnosed together. |
If something in this table resonates, raise it with your clinician rather than stopping or changing any current treatment on your own. Medication decisions in particular belong with your prescriber.
How are autism and eating disorders connected in women?
Autism and eating disorders overlap more than most people realize, and in autistic women, restrictive eating is sometimes driven by sensory, routine, or emotional factors rather than body image alone. Juniper Blu Collective was founded to support people navigating eating disorders, so this is the overlap we see the clearest reason to explain carefully.
The overlap is well documented. Researchers at King’s College London describe a heightened prevalence of autism among people with anorexia compared with the general population (Kinnaird et al., 2020). A 2025 meta-analysis found significant co-occurrence between autism and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) and suggested that clinicians consider screening autistic people for ARFID, and people with ARFID for autism. If ARFID is new to you, our guide to what ARFID is and how it differs from picky eating covers the basics.
Same behaviors, different reasons. In interviews, autistic women with restrictive eating described their autism and their eating disorder as deeply interlinked, with autistic traits driving eating behaviors in ways traditional models of anorexia don’t fully account for (Brede et al., 2020). For some, food restriction was tied to sensory sensitivities, a need for predictability, or coping with overwhelming social and emotional experiences more than to weight or shape concerns. Clinicians interviewed in the same study noted that some autistic girls seem to experience hunger differently, possibly because of their sensory profile.
Treatment may need adapting. The PEACE pathway, an adapted eating disorder care pathway for autistic people developed at King’s College London, adds autism screening, sensory adjustments, and communication adaptations to standard eating disorder treatment (Tchanturia et al., 2020). Clinicians who worked on the pathway described clinical benefits, though researchers note that more evidence on the effectiveness of these adaptations is still needed.
At Juniper Blu, eating disorder therapy is our founding specialty, and we collaborate with dietitians, psychiatrists, nurse practitioners, and primary care physicians when care calls for it. Eating disorders are serious and can affect physical health. If you’re worried about your eating, the National Alliance for Eating Disorders Helpline at 1-866-662-1235 can help you find the right level of care, and a medical check-in with your doctor is a good first step.
How are autism and trauma connected?
Autistic adults appear more likely to report trauma and post-traumatic stress symptoms than non-autistic adults, and trauma responses and autistic traits can look alike, which can delay recognition of either one.
In a study of autistic adults, people described a wide range of life events as traumatic, including events that wouldn’t meet the standard clinical definition of trauma, such as distressing social experiences, and many reported probable PTSD symptoms afterward (Rumball et al., 2020). In a smaller comparison study, autistic women reported more negative life events, especially social ones, than non-autistic adults (Haruvi-Lamdan et al., 2020). Research on exact rates is still developing, and estimates vary with how PTSD is measured.
There is also a harder truth in the research. In the study of late-diagnosed women mentioned earlier, experiences of sexual abuse were widespread, which the researchers linked partly to the specific vulnerabilities of being an undiagnosed autistic girl or woman (Bargiela et al., 2016). If that’s part of your story, it is not your fault, and support that understands both autism and trauma can help you work through it at your own pace.
Telling trauma and autism apart takes care because they can overlap: hypervigilance can resemble sensory sensitivity, and trauma-related withdrawal can resemble autistic social differences. Researchers note that PTSD in autistic people can present in ways that complicate recognition (Rumball et al., 2020). Our online trauma therapy is trauma-informed and neurodivergence-affirming, so both can be held in the same room. If long-term trauma is part of your history, our guide to complex PTSD signs and treatment goes deeper.
What is autistic burnout, and how is it different from depression?
Autistic burnout is a state of pervasive, long-term exhaustion, loss of skills, and reduced tolerance to sensory input, typically lasting three months or more, that researchers describe as resulting from chronic life stress and a mismatch between expectations and abilities without adequate support (Raymaker et al., 2020).
The same research found autistic burnout distinct from both occupational burnout and clinical depression. Depression centers on low mood and loss of interest or pleasure. Autistic burnout centers on depleted capacity: skills that used to come easily, like speaking, planning, or tolerating a busy grocery store, become hard or temporarily out of reach. Participants associated recovery with acceptance and social support, time off or reduced expectations, and doing things in an autistic way, including unmasking (Raymaker et al., 2020).
The two can happen together, and both deserve care. Participants in that study also described serious effects on their health and quality of life, including suicidal thoughts and behavior. If you are in that place, please reach out now: call or text 988, or use the resources at the top of this page.
Why does recognizing autism later in life matter?
Recognizing autism later in life matters because it can change how you understand your past, what support you ask for, and how you care for your energy and mental health going forward.
It can change the story you tell about yourself. Women diagnosed later in life described moving from self-criticism toward self-compassion, alongside real grief for the years before (Leedham et al., 2020).
It can change how care is delivered. The U.K.’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline on autism in adults recommends that clinicians treating co-occurring mental health conditions understand autism and adapt how they deliver evidence-based therapies, such as CBT, for autistic adults (NICE CG142).
It matters for safety. Research has identified camouflaging and unmet support needs as risk markers for suicidal thoughts and behaviors in autistic adults, independent of other factors (Cassidy et al., 2018). Being understood, and getting support that fits, is part of how that risk is addressed. If you’re having thoughts of suicide, you deserve support today: call or text 988.
Do I need a formal autism diagnosis to get support?
No, you don’t need a formal autism diagnosis to start neurodivergence-affirming therapy, and self-identification is a reasonable place to begin. A formal evaluation can still be worth pursuing if you want it for workplace or school accommodations, your medical records, or your own certainty.
Juniper Blu Collective does not provide formal autism diagnostic evaluations. Our intake focuses on getting to know you: your history, what brought you in, and what you want from therapy. Our guide to what to expect in a first therapy session walks through it. If a formal evaluation would help, your therapist can talk through whether and when to pursue one.
If you’re wondering whether you might be autistic, these steps can help you get clearer:
- Write down lifelong patterns, not just current struggles. Autism evaluations look for traits present since early development (DSM-5-TR), so notes about school, friendships, sensory experiences, and routines are useful.
- Notice the cost, not only the coping. Track how long you need to recover after social events, what overwhelms you, and whether you cycle through burnout.
- Ask a health care provider about a referral. NIMH advises adults who notice possible signs of autism to talk with a health care provider and ask about a referral for an evaluation. Adult evaluations are typically done by specialists such as psychologists, neuropsychologists, or psychiatrists.
- Decide what a formal diagnosis would do for you. Some people want it for accommodations or peace of mind; others find self-identification enough for now. Both are valid.
- Get support in the meantime. You don’t need to wait for an evaluation, or a waitlist, to start affirming therapy.
What does neurodivergence-affirming therapy look like for late-diagnosed women?
Neurodivergence-affirming therapy treats autism as a difference in how your brain works, not a problem to correct. The goal is less distress and more self-understanding, not fewer autistic traits.
Making sense of your history. Many women want space to revisit old experiences, earlier diagnoses, and relationships with new information, and to grieve what was missed.
Choosing where to mask. Unmasking isn’t all or nothing. Therapy can help you notice where masking protects you and where it costs more than it gives, then experiment with dropping it in lower-stakes places first.
Budgeting energy and sensory load. Practical planning around recovery time, sensory needs, and demands at work and home, especially if you’re in or near burnout.
Treating what co-occurs, adapted for you. Anxiety, depression, eating disorders, and trauma still deserve evidence-based care. NICE guidance recommends adapting the delivery, for example with more concrete language, clear structure, and written materials (NICE CG142). Juniper Blu clinicians draw on approaches including CBT, DBT, ACT, and mindfulness-based therapy, adjusted to how you take in information.
Room for nonverbal processing. Jamie L. Jones is a Board Certified Art Therapist (ATR-BC). Art therapy can offer a way to work with experiences that are hard to put into words, which can matter when naming feelings is difficult.
Our general approach is to start with stability: understanding your sensory load, energy, sleep, and burnout patterns before moving into deeper work on trauma or long-held beliefs about yourself. Pushing into heavy material while someone is in burnout often adds load instead of relieving it.
When therapy alone may not be enough
- If you need a formal diagnosis for accommodations or services, you’ll need an evaluation from a qualified specialist outside Juniper Blu.
- If an eating disorder is affecting your physical health, a medical evaluation comes first, and a higher level of care may be needed alongside or before outpatient therapy.
- If burnout is making daily life hard to manage, talk with your primary care physician or a psychiatrist as well, so physical health and any medication questions are covered.
- If you’re having thoughts of suicide or self-harm, call or text 988 now, or call 911 if you’re in immediate danger.
It’s also normal for learning you may be autistic to bring grief, anger, or a sense of identity being shaken before it brings relief. That’s part of the process, not a sign something is going wrong.
Where can I find autism-affirming therapy in Washington, D.C., Maryland, Pennsylvania, or Virginia?
Juniper Blu Collective offers neurodivergence-affirming online therapy for autistic and possibly autistic adults across Maryland, Washington, D.C., Pennsylvania, and Virginia, all by secure telehealth. In Maryland, that includes people in Chevy Chase, Bethesda, Rockville, Silver Spring, and everywhere else in the state.
Founder Jamie L. Jones, LCPC, LPC, LCPAT, ATR-BC, C-DBT, TBHP, holds autism certification and training, is a Certified Women’s Mental Health Specialist, and is an eating disorder and body image specialist, with more than 17 years of clinical experience in the Washington, D.C., area. She is licensed in Maryland, Washington, D.C., Pennsylvania, and Virginia.
Other Juniper Blu clinicians who include autism and neurodiversity in their focus areas include Megan M. Herbets, LPC, LCPC; Malca R. Gottlieb, LICSW, LCSW-C; Michelle R. Scudero, LCSW; Annie M. Sousa, LGPC, who has completed Autism Clinical Specialist training; and Batya H. Erickson, LGPC.
Who is licensed where: In Maryland and Washington, D.C., all of the clinicians above. In Pennsylvania, Jamie L. Jones and Michelle R. Scudero. In Virginia, Jamie L. Jones.
To see who’s available where you live, visit our pages for online therapy in Maryland, online therapy in Washington, D.C., online therapy in Pennsylvania, and online therapy in Virginia.
Frequently Asked Questions
Yes. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) notes that autism can be diagnosed at any age, even though signs generally appear in the first two years of life. The DSM-5-TR also recognizes that autistic traits may not fully show until social demands exceed a person’s capacities, or may be masked by learned strategies later in life. Adult evaluations usually look back at childhood history as well as current experience.
Masking, also called camouflaging, means hiding or compensating for autistic traits in order to fit in, such as rehearsing conversations, copying other people’s expressions, or forcing eye contact. In a study of 92 autistic adults, people described camouflaging as a way to fit in and connect, and linked it to exhaustion and threats to their sense of self (Hull et al., 2017).
Researchers point to several overlapping reasons: diagnostic criteria shaped largely by research on boys, gender stereotypes, assessment tools that miss quieter presentations, and masking. A 2026 BMJ study of 2.7 million people born in Sweden found boys were diagnosed more often in childhood, but girls caught up during adolescence, with the ratio approaching 1:1 by about age 20 (Fyfe et al., 2026).
Autistic burnout is described as pervasive, long-term exhaustion, loss of skills, and reduced tolerance to sensory input, typically lasting three months or more, that follows chronic stress and a mismatch between demands and support (Raymaker et al., 2020). Researchers found it distinct from depression, though the two can overlap. A clinician can help you sort out which one is happening, or whether both are.
Yes. Research shows autism is more common among people with anorexia than in the general population, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) frequently co-occurs with autism (Kinnaird et al., 2020; ARFID co-occurrence meta-analysis, 2025). In autistic women, restrictive eating is sometimes driven by sensory, routine, or emotional factors rather than body image alone (Brede et al., 2020). Both deserve care from clinicians who understand each.
No. Since the DSM-5 was published in 2013, autism has been a single diagnosis, autism spectrum disorder, which absorbed earlier labels such as Asperger’s syndrome (NIMH). Clinicians now describe support needs in levels instead. Many autistic adults avoid the term high-functioning because it can hide real struggles; low support needs is a common alternative. Both describe the experience this guide covers.
It can be. Telehealth removes the commute, the waiting room, and unfamiliar lighting and noise, and it lets you join from a space you control. It isn’t right for everyone: some people find video calls draining, and that is worth saying early so sessions can be adjusted. Juniper Blu Collective offers online therapy across Maryland, Washington, D.C., Pennsylvania, and Virginia.
How do I get started with Juniper Blu Collective?
You can get started by reaching out through our website or by calling (202) 244-0818 to schedule an initial consultation. Tell us as much or as little as you’d like about what’s bringing you in; “I think I might be autistic” is a complete reason to reach out. We’ll match you with a clinician licensed in your state.
Sources
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- National Institute of Mental Health. Autism Spectrum Disorder (last reviewed December 2024) and Autism Spectrum Disorder brochure (NIMH-25-MH-8084).
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2025). Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years, ADDM Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 74(2).
- Fyfe, C., et al. (2026). Time trends in the male to female ratio for autism incidence: population based, prospectively collected, birth cohort study. BMJ, 392. doi:10.1136/bmj-2025-084164
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- Moseley, R. L., Druce, T., & Turner-Cobb, J. M. (2020). “When my autism broke”: A qualitative study spotlighting autistic voices on menopause. Autism, 24(6), 1423 to 1437.
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- Kinnaird, E., Stewart, C., & Tchanturia, K. (2019). Investigating alexithymia in autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 55, 80 to 89. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.09.004
- Raymaker, D. M., et al. (2020). “Having all of your internal resources exhausted beyond measure and being left with no clean-up crew”: Defining autistic burnout. Autism in Adulthood, 2(2), 132 to 143. doi:10.1089/aut.2019.0079
- Kinnaird, E., Stewart, C., & Tchanturia, K. (2020). The relationship of autistic traits to taste and olfactory processing in anorexia nervosa. Molecular Autism, 11, 25. doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00331-8
- Brede, J., et al. (2020). “For me, the anorexia is just a symptom, and the cause is the autism”: Investigating restrictive eating disorders in autistic women. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04479-3
- The co-occurrence of autism and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID): A prevalence-based meta-analysis. (2025). International Journal of Eating Disorders.
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